Springer, Berlin Ultrasound Protocol for Facial Aesthetics

This book provides a systematic approach to facial ultrasound, using anatomical landmarks and targeting common facial muscles during aesthetic treatment. It also includes the most common clinical indications and complications found during aesthetic therapy. The various muscles have been grouped into the upper, mid and lower face and are also classified as either easy, intermediate or advanced in the level of experience a user requires to discern these muscles on ultrasound. High-frequency ultrasound in the field of radiology has progressed to other fields of medical treatment, most notably within aesthetic medicine in recent years. Facial ultrasound has been limited to the clinical assessment of varying skin conditions, as the diagnosis and treatment have been primarily based on dermatological assessment. Having said that, the recent increase in aesthetic treatment methods has led to a rising number of complications, risks, and poor outcomes. The singular use of surface anatomy and clinical presentation of a patient before fillers are used has proven to be limited in assessing the risks prior to treatment. For this reason, ultrasound of the face has allowed clinicians to develop a keen sense of vascular presence, asymmetry of muscles, and also to help determine the depth for needle-guided injections.