Uued tooted

In this collection, the author focuses on several contemporary Romanian female playwrights with residencies in Europe and the U.S.: Alexandra Badea, Carmen-Francesca Banciu, Alexa Bacanu, Ana Sorina Corneanu, Mihaela Dragan, Dr. Catalina Florina Florescu, Dr. Mihaela Michailov, Dr. Domnica Radulescu, Saviana Stanescu, and Dr. Elise Wilk.In their bold works, written by female playwrights who are academics, activists, and performers, we are invited to discover variations in the modus operandi of the dramatic language itself from metaphorical to matter-of-fact approaches. Furthermore, while all these playwrights speak Romanian, they also think and operate in various other languages, such as Romani, German, French, Italian, and American English.This book facilitates scholars and students to discover contemporary issues related to Romanian society as presented heavily from a feminine angle and to reveal intersectional issues as seen and applied to dramatic characters in a post-communist country from some authors who experienced communism firsthand. The book is also an invitation to reinvent how we teach dramatic literature by offering 20 interactive, exploratory activities. In this collection, Catalina Florina Florescu focuses on several contemporary Romanian female playwrights with residencies in Europe and the U.S.

This book sheds light on the structure of “a unity with diversity” developed in the Qing imperial formation (1636-1912) by a case study of the Qing-Tibetan encounters in the eighteenth century. This book sheds light on the structure of “a unity with diversity” developed in the Qing imperial formation (1636–1912) by a case study of the Qing-Tibetan encounters in the eighteenth century.By analyzing historical and ethnographical materials, the book investigates the translation of Chinese histories and stone inscriptions into Tibetan, the transformation of the landscapes at Mount Wutai and Lhasa, and the transplantation of Chinese deities and medical practices to Tibet. It demonstrates the processes in which the cosmopolitan interlocutors reified imperial integrity while expressing their diverse longings and belongings. It concludes that the Qing’s rule over its cultural others was neither simply Sinicizing nor colonizing, but a translational process in which multivocalic actors shared narratives, landscapes, and practices, while the emperor and tantric masters performed cosmic power over humans and metahumans.This book cuts across the fields of anthropology, history, Chinese Studies, and Tibetan Studies. It reflects on the concepts of sovereignty and ethnicity, and it also extends the methodological horizon of historical anthropology.

The lives of women in rural India cannot be visualized without agriculture and allied activities. As per census 2011 figures, four out of five women workers in rural India work as agriculture workers, as owner cultivators or as wage workers.This research monograph is about women farmers—women who are engaged primarily in the cultivation of vegetables and fruits and predominantly belong to small and marginal land holdings households. It is the outcome of a baseline survey done in the year 2010-11 in three districts of Uttar Pradesh as part of an action intervention project. Based on the survey findings, it discusses the structural and other factors that promote and perpetuate gender inequality and prevent women from realizing their full potential as farmers; presents the struggles, positive experiences and practices; explores possible interventions at different levels for different stakeholders; and suggests a framework keeping the women's agency/empowerment at center stage while simultaneously enhancing their wellbeing. This research monograph is about women farmers in India who are engaged primarily in the cultivation of vegetables and fruits and predominantly belong to small and marginal land holdings households.

This book is rooted in the notion that public administrators must practice insatiable curiosity to be effective, fair, and democratic. Curiosity encourages public administrators to seek answers in a caring manner, and in doing so empathize with the communities that they serve. Louis Brownlow, one of public administration’s historical thinkers, once argued, “(T]he principal requirement of a good administrator is an insatiable curiosity.” This book is rooted in the notion that public administrators must practice insatiable curiosity to be effective, fair, and democratic. By seeking to uncover how the world works, and therefore practicing curiosity, public administrators may be more likely to move toward evidence-based decisions, improving the efficacy and efficiency of public service. Curiosity encourages public administrators to seek answers in a caring manner and, in doing so, to empathize with the communities that they serve.First, the book incorporates the concept of curiosity into the field of public administration. Scholarship in philosophy, business administration, social science, and other scholarly fields addresses curiosity, but public administration has yet to examine this concept in detail. This book fills that hole in the literature. Second, the book presents novel primary data on curiosity in public agencies by examining curious organizations and surveying local government officers. Third, the book presents novel primary data on how public affairs faculty view curiosity and incorporate the concept in their research and the classroom. Lastly, author William Hatcher integrates this information in the book’s final chapter to present a model of administrative curiosity, focusing on creating a guide for future research and teaching. Thus, this book serves as a roadmap for developing a new doctrine of curiosity in public administration theory and practice, and it will be of enormous interest to students enrolled in public affairs courses as well as practicing public administrators and nonprofit managers.

This book puts a creative new reading of Hans-Georg Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics and literary genre theory to work on the problem of Scripture. Reading texts as Scripture brings two hermeneutical assumptions into tension: that the text will continually say something new and relevant to the present situation, and that the text has stability and authority over readers. Given how contested the Bible’s meaning is, how is it possible to ‘read Scripture’ as authoritative and relevant? Rather than anchor meaning in author, text or reader, Gadamer’s phenomenological model of hermeneutical experience as Spiel (‘play’) offers a dynamic, intersubjective account of how understanding happens, avoiding the dead end of the subjective–objective dichotomy. Modern genre theory addresses some of the criticisms of Gadamer, accounting for the different roles played by readers in different genres using the new term Lesespiel (‘reading game’). This is tested in three case studies of contested texts: the recontextualization of psalms in the book of Acts, the use of Hagar’s story (Genesis 16) in nineteenth-century debates over slavery and the troubling reception history of the rape and murder in Gibeah (Judges 19). In each study, the application of ancient text to contemporary situation is neither arbitrary, nor slavishly bound to tradition, but playful. This book puts a creative new reading of Hans-Georg Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics and literary genre theory to work on the problem of Scripture.

A crime novel, at once disturbing and perversely comforting, factually has been known to curtail social anxieties through the ‘open and shut case’ of its narrative form. But what happens to that form in a world where guilt and innocence are not easily assigned?Return to the Scene of the Crime takes place on the trope of an investigator returning to the post-colony on a quest for knowledge. In tandem with solving the case, they must also grapple with the complexities of their origins. Kamil Naicker shows how five authors defy generic expectations to illustrate the complexities of personal identity, transitional justice, and civil violence in the post-colonial world. Congregating novels set in South Africa, China, Guatemala, Sri Lanka and Somalia, this book intervenes in literary studies by bringing the trend of the returnee figure and exploring the possibilities of world-making through the explosion of a familiar form.Print edition not for sale in Sub Saharan Africa. This book illustrates how five authors defy generic expectations to illustrate the complexities of personal identity, transitional justice, and civil violence in the post-colonial world.

This book addresses the current crisis of democratic politics and its phase of ‘interregnum’ – in which the past finds it hard to die and the future finds it difficult to be born – by proposing a radical redefinition of the concept of the Political.Drawing on the thoughts of Antonio Gramsci and Walter Benjamin among others, it explores the meaning of the lemma auctoritas – the opposition between authority and power – and offers a comparison of the Frankfurt School’s radical critique of power with Georges Bataille’s critique of political economy and consumerist productivism, demonstrating how the two ultimately converge. Based on an ontology of the present that is critical of ‘identity obsession’ and advances instead a universalism of difference, the author proposes a new understanding of politics founded not on ‘vertical’ domination but on a ‘horizontal’ recomposition of subjectivities, allowing interaction and acting-in-common between different forms of life.This book will therefore appeal to scholars of social and political theory. This book addresses the current crisis of democratic politics and its phase of ‘interregnum’ – in which the past finds it hard to die and the future finds it difficult to be born – by proposing a radical redefinition of the concept of the Political.

This volume highlights interdisciplinary research on the ethical, metaphysical, and experimental dimensions of extended reality technologies, including virtual and augmented realities. It explores themes connected to the nature of virtual objects, the value of virtual experiences and relationships, experimental ethics, moral psychology in the metaverse, and game/simulation design.Extended reality (XR) refers to a family of technologies aiming to augment (AR) or virtually replace (VR) human experience. The chapters in this volume represent cutting-edge research on XR experiences from a wide range of approaches including philosophy, psychology, Africana studies, and cognitive sciences. They are organized around three guiding questions. Part 1, “What is Extended Reality?”, contains a series of chapters examining metaphysical questions about virtual objects, actions, and worlds. Part 2, “Is There an Ethics for Extended Realities?”, includes chapters that address ethical questions that arise within XR experiences. Finally, Part 3, “What Can We Do with Extended Realities?”, features chapters from a diverse group of social scientists on the potential uses of XR as an investigative and educational tool, including its strengths and pitfalls.Exploring Extended Realities will appeal to scholars and advanced students working in philosophy of technology, metaphysics, moral psychology, applied ethics, and game studies. This volume highlights interdisciplinary research on the ethical, metaphysical, and experimental dimensions of extended reality technologies. It explores themes connected to the nature of virtual objects, the value of virtual experiences and relationships, experimental ethics, moral psychology in the metaverse, and game/simulation design.

This book demonstrates how the revivalist variant of Methodist spirituality and theology empowered its adherents and helped foster new movements, even as it undermined the Spirit’s work through the structures of the church. Revivalism was one of the main causes of division in nineteenth-century British Methodism, but the role of revivalist theology in these splits has received scant scholarly attention. In this book, James E. Pedlar demonstrates how the revivalist variant of Methodist spirituality and theology empowered its adherents and helped foster new movements, even as it undermined the Spirit’s work through the structures of the church. Beginning with an examination of unresolved issues in John Wesley’s ecclesiology, Pedlar identifies a trend of increasing marginalisation of the church among revivalists, via an examination of three key figures: Hugh Bourne (1772–1852), James Caughey (1810–1891), and William Booth (1860–1932). He concludes by examining the more catholic and irenic theology of Samuel Chadwick (1860–1932), the leading Methodist revivalist of the early twentieth century who became a strong advocate of Methodist Union. Pedlar shows that these theological differences must be considered, alongside social and political factors, in any well-rounded assessment of the division and eventual reunification of British Methodism.

This book is a comprehensive introduction to translation studies between English and isiZulu. It incorporates crucial concepts for understanding the basics of translation within a South African language context and lays a foundation for further studies in translation. The book's content coverage, while broad, is also in-depth, and it skillfully integrates examples from varied types of texts.The practical and accessible style makes it both engaging and informative. The diverse examples illustrate not only the technicalities of translation as a process, but the vivid dynamics brought about by the fact that the languages involved in the translation process belong to different language families. The use of these examples for almost every aspect of translation explained makes this book unique and valuable to translation scholars and practitioners alike. Even though the book uses cases from the isiZulu language, it is an applicable reference for translation scholars and practitioners working with different indigenous languages of South Africa.Print edition not for sale in Sub Saharan Africa. This book is a comprehensive introduction to translation studies between English and isiZulu. It incorporates crucial concepts for understanding the basics of translation within a South African language context.

This book studies environment and sustainable development from the perspective of gender. It focuses on three major themes, including sustainability of development practices, policy perspectives on environmental management and climate change and its gendered impact. It includes contributions from academicians working across disciplines and practitioners working at the grassroots levels. The book addresses issues facing India amid a growing global environmental crisis and suggests policy measures for environmental protection and to improve the quality of life of its inhabitants.Lucid and topical, the volume will be an indispensable resource for students, researchers of gender, environment and sustainable development, sociology and public policy. It will also be a great resource for advocacy groups, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and policymakers working in the area. This book studies environment and sustainable development from the perspective of gender.

Colonial and Post-Colonial Identity Politics in South Asia analyses the colonial and post-colonial documentation and caste classification among Muslims in India, demonstrating that religion negotiated with regional social customs and local social practices while at the same time fostering a shared religious belief.The central question addressed in this book is how different castes assert their identity for classification and how castes encountered colonial documentation. Identifying the colonial context of the documentation of castes among Muslims, and relying on colonial documentation in various census reports, gazetteers, government or police records, ethnographic studies, and travelogues, the author demonstrates the sheer diversity of attempts and castes among Muslims. The book deconstructs how under Colonialism Muslims were categorised into three broad but overlapping categories – Ashraf, Ajlafs, and Arzals – and that Muslims were categorised into Asiatic, Non-Asiatic, Foreign, Mixed, and Hindustani – Muslim categories. It argues that few colonial theories applied to Muslims. Finally, the author explores post-colonial documentation of castes among Muslims in various Commission reports, particularly in Backward class commission reports and its interplay in the reservation politics of the contemporary period and examines the growth of various Muslim caste organisations in different parts of India and their role in identity politics.Providing a new perspective on the issue of minorities in India, this book will be of interest to scholars of religion, Islam, history, politics, and sociology of India. Colonial and Post-Colonial Identity Politics in South Asia analyses the colonial and post–colonial documentation and caste classification among Muslims in India, and will be of interest to scholars of religion, Islam, history, politics and sociology of India.

This book examines the various ways in which colonialism in Zimbabwe is remembered, looking both at how people analyse, perceive, and interpret the past, and how they rewrite that past. Drawing on the expertise of Zimbabwean scholars, this book will appeal to researchers of decolonisation, and of African history and memory. This book examines the various ways in which colonialism in Zimbabwe is remembered, looking both at how people analyse, perceive, and interpret the past, and how they rewrite that past, elevating some players and their historical agency. Inspired by the ongoing movement on decoloniality, this book examines the ways in which generations of today question and challenge colonialism’s legacies and their role in Zimbabwe’s collective memories and history. The book analyses the memorialising of both Mugabe and Mnangagwa in their speeches and during the political transition, before going on to trace the continuing impact of colonialism across areas as diverse as dress code, place-naming, agriculture, religion, gender, and in marginalised communities such as the BaKalanga. Drawing on the expertise of Zimbabwean scholars, this book will appeal to researchers of decolonisation, and of African history and memory.

Horses, Power and Place explores the evolution of humanity’s relationship with horses, from early domestication through to the use of the horse as a draught animal, an agricultural, industrial and military asset, and an animal of sport and leisure.Taking an historical approach, and using Britain as a case study, this is the first book-length exploration of the horse in the more-than-human geography of a nation. It traces the role and implications of horse-based mobility for the evolution of settlement structure, urban morphology and the rural landscape. It maps the growth and various uses of horses to the point of ‘peak horse’ in the early twentieth century before considering the contemporary place of the horse in twenty-first century economy and society. It assesses the role of the horse in the formation of places within Britain and in the formation of the nation. The book reflects on the implications of this historical and contemporary equine geography for animal geographies and animal studies. It argues for the study of animals in general in how places are made, not just by humans.Written in a clear and accessible style, this book will be essential reading for students and scholars of animal geography and animal studies more widely. Horses, Power and Place explores the evolution of humanity’s relationship with horses, from early domestication through to the use of the horse as a draught animal, an agricultural, industrial and military asset.

Lives in Motion celebrates dance in Thailand, focusing on the diversity of Thailand’s dance cultures and their place in today’s world. Giving voice to eminent artists and scholars on the complex roles that Thailand is pursuing for artful movement at home and abroad, the book provides key perspectives on Thai dance traditions and practitioners. It explores the many forms and meanings in contemporary dance, changing local traditions in the country, the evolution of Thai dance on the global stage, and hybrid features of the Thai dance world.The book examines how hybridity has been integral to dance cultures in Thailand and discusses how they have actively adapted and negotiated their knowledge in relation to modernity and globalization. Developing new models, standards and sites for dance, movement and theater, dance in Thai has been advancing in innovative ways, whether it is to include fresh forms of skilled bodily movement or to expand in new arenas like tourism and online platforms. Similarly, old systems of training, which included artists’ homes, palaces, and temples, have been adapted into the new world of modern education, media, home schooling, and new community rituals.A pioneering contribution on Thai performing arts, this volume examines contemporary Thai dance cultures in the local, national, regional, and global contexts. It will be of great interest to scholars and researchers of dance and performance studies, cultural studies, Southeast Asia studies, and art. This book celebrates dance in Thailand, focusing on the diversity of Thailand’s dance cultures and their place in today’s world. Giving voice to eminent artists and scholars on the complex roles that Thailand is pursuing for artful movement at home and abroad, it provides key perspectives on Thai dance traditions and practitioners.

A must-read for every teacher in the 21st Century, this book provides a comprehensive guide to facilitating joyful, sustainable, holistic, multidisciplinary, and active learning. The book discusses different approaches, principles, techniques, and activities for making a classroom where different learning types can thrive. A must-read for every teacher in the 21st century, this book provides a comprehensive guide to facilitating joyful, sustainable, holistic, multidisciplinary, and active learning. The book discusses different approaches, principles, techniques, and activities for creating a classroom where different learning types can thrive. The methods outlined in this volume help teachers ensure that every learner, regardless of background or orientation, can engage in participatory, reflective, self-directed, experiential, entrepreneurial, and collaborative learning and develop holistically. Essential for the 21st century, the book highlights the significance of digital technologies and examines how teachers can easily use digital technologies to offer personalized and blended learning.This book is a vital resource for teachers who want to improve their teaching skills and create a positive and engaging learning environment for their learners. This book helps teachers across the globe to enhance learning outcomes in classrooms and, subsequently, develop the quality of their education systems.This volume is useful to students, researchers, and teachers in education, psychology, development studies, social work, and sociology. It is also an invaluable companion to policymakers and professionals from government and non-government organisations working in the education and social development sectors.

This volume gathers essays from leading scholars to discuss partiality in ethics. The chapters examine the virtuous and vicious ways in which we relate to those close to us. This volume gathers essays from leading scholars to discuss partiality in ethics. The chapters examine the virtuous and vicious ways in which we relate to those close to us.There has long been a puzzle in ethics concerning the balance between our general moral obligations to everyone and our specific moral obligations to a smaller subset of people: our family, our nation, and our friends. There has been longstanding tension between the moral intuition that equality entails that we have the same moral duties to everyone and the moral intuition that special obligations entail that we have much greater duties to those close to us. The chapters in this volume discuss varying perspectives on partiality within a wide range of relationships. Section 1 offers overarching visions of partiality. Section 2 examines how roles and relationships might shape partiality. Section 3 focuses on the potential moral dangers and pitfalls of partiality. Finally, Section 4 looks at specific applications of partiality expressed as our loyalty to country, religion, sports teams, and employers.Virtuous and Vicious Expressions of Partiality will be of interest to scholars and advanced students working in ethics, social and political philosophy, and philosophy of religion.

This book addresses the issues raised by digital platforms in the Global South, with an emphasis on the cultural stakes involved.It brings together an interdisciplinary team of researchers – including political economists, socio-economists, geographers, media sociologists or anthropologists – who each explore these issues through an insightful case study at a local, national, regional or international scale. While studying the strategies of some of the main US-based Big Tech platforms or video streaming platforms towards the Global South, the chapters also consider the often-neglected active role local or regional actors play in the expansion of those Western digital players, and highlight the existence of a constellation of local or regional platforms that have emerged in Africa, Asia, Latin America or the Middle East. In addition to analysing the complex relationships of competition, collaboration or dependence between these diverse actors, this volume examines the ways in which the rise of these digital platforms has generated new forms of cultural entrepreneurship and participated in the reconfiguring of the conditions in which cultural contents are produced and circulated in the Global South.This volume will appeal to readers interested in the transnationalisation of cultural industries or in the social, political, economic, cultural and geopolitical dimensions of digital transformations and will be an important resource for students, teachers and researchers in media, communication, cultural studies, international relations and area studies programmes.The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons (Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND)] 4.0 license. This book addresses the issues raised by digital platforms in the Global South, with an emphasis on the cultural stakes involved.

Class War or Race War is more than an anti-thesis of the master-narrative regarding the Soviet state antisemitism. Kende not only refutes the originally anti-Communist myth of the systemic nature of (state) socialism, but tries to re-, and deconstruct the origins of this myth. Class War or Race War is more than an anti-thesis of the master narrative regarding the Soviet state antisemitism. Kende not only refutes the originally anti-Communist myth of the systemic nature of (state) socialism, but tries to re-, and deconstruct, the origins of this myth.With intensive use of historical documents, memoirs and the related historiography, the book attempts to make historical sense from the myth it intends to refute. Kende goes beyond the contemporary perceptions of the “Jewish question” and antisemitism, and with close reading of original documents, reconstructs the real frontlines of the Soviet society of the 1940s, which were not constructed along identity-political lines. The book reinvests the long-forgotten understanding of social classes in an allegedly classless and monolithic society. The spontaneous formations of the actual frontlines in the hinterland, or on the actual fronts (battlefields, in the Red Army) lacked the participants’ class consciousness, thus its occurrences in the form of conflict producing historical records were recorded as acts of antisemitism. As the book advocates, Jews could have been found on both sides of the inner frontlines of Soviet society during and right after WWII.An insightful read for scholars of Soviet history that presents a bold and challenging interpretation of the regime and its flaws—both perceived and real.

In a turbulent environment, companies face disruptive events and must build organisational resilience in order to thrive. This unique book offers new, cutting-edge research on how trust can build and develop resilience. In a turbulent environment, companies face disruptive events and must build organisational resilience in order to thrive. This unique book offers new, cutting-edge research on how trust can build and develop resilience. The authors combine theoretical and empirical perspectives on the two issues of trust and organisational resilience in an environment that is difficult to predict. The authors firstly discuss the challenges the turbulent environment poses before exploring the influence of trust and providing practical case studies on topics such as brand trust, dynamic capabilities and business models. Examples are drawn from high-growth enterprises demonstrating first-hand how organisations that develop trust have survived turbulent conditions. This novel book is the first to combine the two disciplines of trust and resilience and will be a valuable reference for researchers and upper level students of strategic management and crisis management in particular.

"Kurdistan is among the world's most notorious cases of self-determination denied, and why this outcome remains unachieved reveals as much about the biases of international law as it does about the merits of the case for Kurdistan. On the centenary of the Treaty of Lausanne, 24 July 1923, the last of the international instruments establishing the new international order after WWI, this book explores the potential blind spots of international law regarding its differential application in the Middle East. Tracing self-determination over the past century, the work explores how the law applies to Kurdish aspirations and to what extent the Kurds can rely upon the current law of self-determination to achieve internationally recognised statehood. The book offers an exhaustive historio-legal analysis of changing international legal concepts and geopolitical upheaval, providing a blueprint for Kurdish self-determination in international law. Shedding light on the law's structural biases, it represents a comprehensive historico-legal account of Kurdish aspirations to territorial independence within international law literature, offering a guide to relevant legal problems. It will be of interest to students and academics focused on international law, specifically, peoplehood, statehood, secession, human rights law, political science, and anthropology. Moreover, policymakers, government officials working in peace and conflict, research and advocacy institutes, think tanks as well as scholars of international relations, historians, political scientists, regional specialists, diplomats, and NGO activists will find it a useful reference. The book also illuminates the human rights status of the Kurds in their host states, making it relevant to scholars and activists. Its findings have implications extending beyond Kurdistan to self-determination struggles in Scotland, Catalonia, Ukraine, and elsewhere"-- The book offers an exhaustive historio-legal analysis of changing international legal concepts and geopolitical upheaval, providing a blueprint for Kurdish self-determination in international law. Kurdistan is among the world’s most notorious cases of self-determination denied, and the reasons why this outcome remains unachieved reveal as much about the biases of international law as they do about the merits of the case for Kurdistan. On the centenary of the Treaty of Lausanne, 24 July 1923, the last of the international instruments establishing the new international order after World War I, this book explores the potential blind spots of international law regarding its differential application in the Middle East. Tracing self-determination over the past century, the work explores how the law applies to Kurdish aspirations and to what extent the Kurds can rely upon the current law of self-determination to achieve internationally recognised statehood.The book offers an exhaustive historico-legal analysis of changing international legal concepts and geopolitical upheaval, providing a blueprint for Kurdish self-determination in international law. Shedding light on the law’s structural biases, it represents a comprehensive historico-legal account of Kurdish aspirations for territorial independence within international law literature, offering a guide to relevant legal problems. It will be of interest to students and academics focused on international law, specifically, peoplehood, statehood, secession, human rights law, political science, and anthropology. Moreover, policymakers, government officials working in peace and conflict, research and advocacy institutes, think tanks, as well as scholars of international relations, historians, political scientists, regional specialists, diplomats, and non-governmental organisation activists will find it a useful reference. The book also illuminates the human rights status of the Kurds in their host states, making it relevant to scholars and activists. Its findings have implications extending beyond Kurdistan to self-determination struggles in Scotland, Catalonia, Ukraine, and elsewhere.

This book offers a new edition of Henry Maydman’s work Naval Speculations with a detailed commentary by two leading experts on its importance to the naval issues of the 21st century.Written at a revolutionary and troubling time, Maydman’s 1691 book offers an analysis of the state of the Royal Navy at the time, together with a set of recommendations for its improvement. It not only tells us a good deal about the Royal Navy of the time but also provides a general theory of why navies decline and what can be done to rejuvenate them. Recovering Naval Power shows that the issues he identifies have applied to every navy in every period. We are now seeing the dramatic rejuvenation of the Chinese Navy and the reactions to it of the US and other navies, together with a new rise in naval tensions in the Euro-Atlantic. Despite the obvious political, economic and technological differences between Maydman’s day and ours, this work shows that his recommendations could hardly be more relevant in today’s circumstances. Alongside the modified text of Naval Speculations, this book includes a preface and two chapters addressing, first, the Royal Navy of Maydman's time and his role in it and, second, the relevance of what Maydman said for the navies of the 21st century. The book concludes with some overall comments about Maydman and the recovery of naval power and recommendations for further reading.This book will be of much interest to students of naval history, maritime power, strategic studies, and International Relations in general. This book offers a new edition of Henry Maydman’s work Naval Speculations with a detailed commentary by two leading experts on its importance to the naval issues of the 21st century.

This book encompasses the current state-of-art of the green piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH) technology. It highlights different aspects of PEH starting right from the materials, their synthesis and characterization techniques to applications. . This book explains the state-of-the-art green piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH) technology. It highlights different aspects of PEH, starting right from the materials, their synthesis, and characterization techniques to applications. Various types of materials, including ceramics, polymers, composites, and bio-inspired compounds in nano, micro, and meso scale and their recent advancements are captured in detail with special focus on lead-free systems. Different challenges and issues faced while designing a PEH are also included.Features:Guides on how to harvest piezoelectric energy in a sustainable mannerDescribes related figures of merit for piezoelectric energy harvestingCovers synthesis of piezoelectric materials in the form of bulk, single crystal, nano, and thin/thick filmIncludes pertinent advanced characterization techniquesReviews piezo-energy harvesting devices and structuresThis book is aimed at researchers, professionals, and graduate students in electrical engineering, materials, and energy.

The volume offers an in-depth exploration of the entanglements of film, theatre, literature, TV, the Internet, etc., within the framework of transmediality and their influence on the practice of translating humour. This innovative collection spotlights the role of media crossovers in humour translation and how the latter is conveyed through new means of communication.The volume offers an in-depth exploration of the entanglements of film, theatre, literature, TV, the Internet, etc., within the framework of transmediality and their influence on the practice of translating humour. Chapters focus on the complex web of interrelationships shaped by and shaping the process(es) of transformation and adaptation that take place across media and across languages and cultures. Situating translation practices and innovations within an interdisciplinary context, the volume underscores the hybrid nature and complex semiotics of humour and the plurality of possibilities for new insights that contemporary approaches offer driven by technological advancements in the industry.The book will be of particular interest to scholars and researchers in the fields of Translation Studies, Humour Studies, Audiovisual Translation, Media Studies, and Adaptation Studies.

The Jamaat Question in Bangladesh addresses the complex intersection of global politics and local dynamics in Bangladesh, particularly in relation to Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami (Jamaat). The Jamaat Question in Bangladesh addresses the complex intersection of global politics and local dynamics in Bangladesh, particularly in relation to Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami (Jamaat).With multidisciplinary insights and perspectives, the contributors to this volume provide an objective socio-historical analysis of Islam, politics and society in Bangladesh. Separating fact from fiction, they attempt to uncover the truth about Jamaat, the largest Islam-based political party in the country. Suppressed and marginalized by the BAL regime, Jamaat remains active in the social landscape of Bangladesh. What makes Jamaat so resilient against all odds? Can it peacefully coexist with rival political parties in a polarized nation such as Bangladesh? This book seeks to answer these crucial questions.An essential read for those interested in Bangladeshi politics and political Islam.

Why do most musical performers and musical researchers continue to inhabit divergent epistemic spaces? This, and other related questions, form the central focus of this book with each chapter offering a fresh perspective on a particular topic in music performance studies. Why do most musical performers and musical researchers continue to inhabit divergent epistemic spaces? To what extent is the act of musical performance coextensive with the act of doing musical research, and vice versa? At what point in the research process can a performative act transform into a scholarly one, and a scholarly act into a performative one? These, and other related questions, form the central focus of this book, with each chapter offering a fresh perspective on a particular topic in music performance studies: improvisational traditions, historical performance practices, analysis and performance, sports psychology, cross-cultural musical interactions, and institutional challenges. This book is aimed at music researchers, teachers, students, and practising musicians interested in the intersection of academic and performance research; as such, it seeks to bridge the divide between the research of university-trained musicologists, scholars from other fields who focus on music, and the growing community of musical artist-researchers. Material in this book is supported by performance outcomes offered by the contributors on a separate YouTube channel and on the Routledge online portal.

This book showcases how to co-produce research when we are unable to meet in the same geographical space. It details a remote and hybrid audio-visual participatory methodology through which women share their experiences of displacement, gender, and the city. Writing as researchers and filmmakers in the UK and Colombia, alongside 24 displaced women in Bogotá and Medellín, this participatory audio-visual project explores displacement from the womens perspectives. The book is innovative in its collaborative writing and its combination of audio-visual and textual material. It presents a methodology for remote and hybrid research, advocating for more inclusive, equitable, and decolonising research interactions. Through three co-written chapters, it contributes to themes of displacement, gender, and the city, as displaced women share testimonies and audio-visual outputs, revealing experiences of violence, conflict, and aspirations for change as they rebuild their lives. This book stands out for its collaborative authorship and integration of text with audio-visual material, offering rich insights. It will interest researchers and practitioners working inside and outside universities who are interested in developing remote, hybrid, and audio-visual participatory methodologies, as well as those who want to understand more about displacement and the challenges of urban resettlement from womens perspectives. After reading this book we'd appreciate if you could let us know what you think by answering some quick questions: https://app.onlinesurveys.jisc.ac.uk/s/newcastle/co-producing-knowledge-with- displaced-women-in-colombia The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0 license.

The idea of toxic masculinity might feel like a very modern, even twenty-first-century notion, but similar concerns about male behaviour, also often characterised in terms of poisons and poisoning, can be identified in the literature of four hundred years ago, not only in Shakespeare’s Othello and The Winter’s Tale but also lesser-known plays that were popular on the London stage in the 1600s. Poison-related tropes, and the recurrent plot device of a man trying to poison a woman, expressed complex and sometimes contradictory attitudes towards socially unacceptable male behaviour. These plays depict the early modern male as both poisoned and poisoner – poisoned by inherited misogynistic ideas and attitudes, and poisoner of women both literally and metaphorically. Seeing them as enacting problematic situations and raising difficult questions rather than simply offering the moral certitudes of Christianity or the prescriptions of contemporary conduct book, the book points to these plays as evidence of disquiet and anxieties to which we can still easily relate today. The fact that some plays responded to real life events such as familicide is an indicator of this socially responsible role of the theatre, engaging its audience in current issues and controversies. The use of the poison theme in relation to male violence and misogyny shows that the early modern theatre was engaging with such intractable problems in ways that are still thought-provoking today. This volume discusses plays which depict the early modern male as both poisoned and poisoner - this book points to these plays as evidence of disquiet and anxieties to which we can still easily relate today.

"How can we move children from simply talking about things to learning to take action-and feeling empowered to enact change? This book shows you exactly what this can look like in an elementary class setting. It details the structures and instructional strategies classroom teachers can adopt to help their children create positive outcomes for their communities while also building identities for themselves as real agents of change. Topics include building empathy and compassion, helping students become aware of issues within their communities, creating brave environments so students can engage in productive discussions around sensitive topics, engaging students in research that answers their needs and those of their community, and supporting students intoaction. Classroom examples, practical tools, and student voices are featured throughout. With this book by your side, you can debunk the false deficit-based assumptions that young people aren't ready for activism, and you'll see what is possible when we commit ourselves to integrating civic learning into our classroom literacy instruction"-- Provided by publisher. How can we move children from simply talking about things to learning to take action – and feeling empowered to enact change? This book shows you exactly what this can look like in an elementary class setting. It details the structures and instructional strategies classroom teachers can adopt to help their children create positive outcomes for their communities while also building identities for themselves as real agents of change.Topics include building empathy and compassion, helping students become aware of issues within their communities, creating brave environments so students can engage in productive discussions around sensitive topics, engaging students in research that answers their needs and those of their community, and supporting students into action. Classroom examples, practical tools, and student voices are featured throughout.With this book by your side, you can debunk the false deficit-based assumptions that young people aren’t ready for activism, and you’ll see what is possible when we commit ourselves to integrating civic learning into our classroom literacy instruction. How can we move children from simply talking about things to learning to take action—and feeling empowered to enact change? This book details instructional strategies classroom teachers can adopt to help their children create positive outcomes for their communities while also building identities for themselves as real agents of change.

This volume offers a comprehensive treatment of corpus linguistics approaches to the study of metalinguistic discourses and language ideologies. This volume offers a comprehensive treatment of corpus linguistics approaches to the study of metalinguistic discourses and language ideologies.The book traces the historical trajectories of research on language ideology and metalinguistic discourse, respectively, as a foundation for exploring both the opportunities and challenges of classic corpus linguistic approaches as applied to data sets from comparative South Slavic and English case studies. This analysis paves the way for exploring methodological innovations afforded by multivariate approaches, such as factor analysis, cluster analysis, and topic modelling by applying it to the same data sets. The book concludes by reflecting on challenges and lessons learned toward outlining future directions for the further development of research at the intersection of metalinguistic discourses and language ideologies.This book will be of interest to students and scholars in corpus linguistics, discourse analysis, sociolinguistics, and applied linguistics.

The availability of machine learning algorithms, and the immense computational power required to develop robust models with high accuracy, has driven researchers to conduct extensive studies in forensic science, particularly in the identification and examination of evidence found at crime scenes. Machine Learning in Forensic Evidence Examination discusses methodologies for the application of machine learning to the field of forensic science.Evidence analysis is the cornerstone of forensic investigations, examined for either classification or individualization based on distinct characteristics. Artificial intelligence offers a powerful advantage by efficiently processing large datasets with multiple features, enhancing accuracy and speed in forensic analysis to potentially mitigate human errors. Algorithms have the potential to identify patterns and features in evidences such as firearms, explosives, trace evidences, narcotics, body fluids etc. and cataloged them in various databases. Additionally, they can be useful in reconstruction and detection of complex events, such as accidents and crimes, both during and after event. This book provides readers with consolidated research data on the potential applications and use of machine learning for analyzing various types of evidence. Chapters focus on different methodologies of machine learning applied in different domains of forensic sciences such as biology, serology, physical sciences, fingerprints, trace evidences, ballistics, anthropology, odontology, digital forensics, chemistry, toxicology as well as the potential use of big data analytics in forensic. Exploring recent advancements in machine learning, coverage also addresses the challenges faced by experts during routine examinations and how machine learning can help overcome these challenges, and explore recent advancements in machine learning.Machine Learning in Forensic Evidence Examination is a valuable resource for academics, forensic scientists, legal professionals, and those working on investigations and analysis within the law enforcement agencies. Machine Learning in Forensic Evidence Examination discusses methodologies for the application of machine learning to the field of forensic science.

"Culturally Responsive Teaching in a High School Percussion Ensemble: Validating Immigrant Identities addresses themes of immigration, identity, and culturally responsive teaching in music education using a deep case study of Brazilian samba music in thecontext of a high school percussion ensemble. Through an in-depth ethnographic study of the World Percussion Ensemble at Somerville High School, Massachusetts, and how it was renovated by a progressive music program director, the author demonstrates how a program can respond to the cultures and needs of immigrant students by creating a unique intercultural community within the classroom. The book recognizes key components in the process of immigrant social integration: (1) Music education can help facilitate immigrant students' adjustment to a new culture as they negotiate a hybrid identity. (2) The inclusive nature of samba percussion music encourages communication, cooperation, and empathy helping students to build life skills. (3) By blending rhythms from their countries of origin with a pop song of choice for their final composition, the students create their own interculture. Deriving from culturally responsive music teaching practices, this study will inspire music teachers and music education researchers to transfer some of the methods to center students' languages, identities, and cultural references in their curricula"-- Culturally Responsive Teaching in a High School Percussion Ensemble: Validating Immigrant Identities addresses themes of immigration, identity, and culturally responsive teaching in music education using a deep case study of Brazilian samba music in the context of a high school percussion ensemble.Through an in-depth ethnographic study of the World Percussion Ensemble at Somerville High School, Massachusetts, and how it was renovated by a progressive music program director, the author demonstrates how a program can respond to the cultures and needs of immigrant students by creating a unique intercultural community within the classroom. The book recognizes key components in the process of immigrant social integration: (1) Music education can help facilitate immigrant students’ adjustment to a new culture as they negotiateahybrididentity. (2) The inclusive nature of sambapercussion music encourages communication,cooperation,andempathy helping students to build life skills. (3) By blending rhythms from their countries of origin with a pop song of choice fortheirfinal composition,thestudentscreatetheir own interculture.Deriving from culturally responsive music teaching practices, this study will inspire music teachers and music education researchers to transfer some of the methods to center students’ languages, identities, and cultural references in their curricula. Culturally Responsive Teaching in a High School Percussion Ensemble: Validating Immigrant Identities addresses themes of immigration, identity, and culturally responsive teaching in music education using a deep case study of Brazilian samba music in the context of a high school percussion ensemble.

This book examines two large and highly controversial urban infill projects in two peripheral European capitals - Tirana and Helsinki - through the lens of dramaturgy and political theatre. This book examines two large and highly controversial urban infill projects in two peripheral European capitals - Tirana and Helsinki - through the lens of dramaturgy and political theatre. The authors argue that the planning processes in both cities have been farcical, following the so-called ‘disillusionment arc’ in storytelling - that is, coming to terms with the inevitability of private developments where vast sums of money are at stake and power does not rest with the people. Beyond these cases studies, the book introduces the concept of ‘planning distortion’ which blends socio-institutional phenomena such as corruption, neoliberalism, and undemocratization. It will appeal to planning theorists and readers interested in the European periphery, particularly the Nordics and the Balkans.

Fully updated for its 2nd edition, Care of Older People uses a whole-person and values-led approach to explore practice with older people, providing the opportunity for practitioners to reflect critically on not just what they do but also on how and why. This text provides a foundation of essential knowledge and practical guidance for building best practice in the care of older people.Fully updated for its second edition, Care of Older People uses a whole-person and values-led approach to explore practice with older people, providing the opportunity for practitioners to reflect critically on not just what they do but also on how and why. It includes two new chapters, the first looking at the ways in which digital technologies can impact on how care support is delivered and the potential for older people’s lives to be enriched or otherwise by them, and the second reflecting the particular challenges of helping older people at the end of their lives to manage their needs. Highlighting how older people in receipt of care support can be enabled to be co-producers of knowledge, it challenges the depiction of older people with support needs as one-dimensional individuals rather than multi-dimensional people with life left to live.This accessible book is an invaluable learning resource for all those working, or studying, across the caring professions, including social work, social care, nursing, occupational therapy and anyone committed to excellence in eldercare.

Teaching Elementary Grammar with Mentor Texts: Ready to Use Lesson Plans for Grades 3-5 contains detailed grammar lesson plans for teachers in grades three, four, and five. The thorough plans in this book will help teachers put the best practices of grammar instruction into action in concrete, practitioner-oriented ways. Teaching Elementary Grammar with Mentor Texts: Ready to Use Lesson Plans for Grades 3-5 contains detailed grammar lesson plans for teachers in grades three, four, and five. The lesson plans in this book incorporate the research-based best practices of grammar instruction and apply those practices to the teaching and learning of grammar instruction. They present grammatical concepts in the context of effective writing by using mentor texts. These mentor text examples, which students read from a writer’s perspective, deepen students’ metacognition of the importance of grammatical concepts and help them see the elements of grammar as tools for strong writing that authors use strategically to make their work as strong as possible. The book provides elementary school teachers with user-friendly lesson plans that they can easily use to put mentor text-based grammar instruction into action in their classrooms. These lesson plans feature published examples of grammatical concepts from contemporary children’s and middle-grade books, activities that help students connect their reading and writing experiences, and reflective activities that facilitate students’ metacognition of the importance of grammatical concepts. The thorough plans in this book will help teachers put the best practices of grammar instruction into action in concrete, practitioner-oriented ways.

In the last decade, public sector unions have encountered threats in the form of privatization of public services and the retrenchment of collective bargaining rights, as well as opportunities in increasing labor union popularity and activity. Retaining the structure that made the previous editions so popular, Labor Relations in the Public Sector, Sixth Edition has been completely revised to explore the most recent trends in membership figures, new legislation, court decisions, executive orders, and new politics as they influence bargaining rights. Updates include:• Thorough examination and analysis of contemporary public sector labor relations and collective bargaining • Careful exploration of important recent changes in the public labor relations and unionization landscape • Complete analysis of financial and human resource outcomes of recent collective bargaining in the public sector • Detailed investigation of collective bargaining institutions and processes in government.In keeping with prior editions, the sixth edition addresses collective bargaining and labor relations at all levels of government, with comparisons to the private and nonprofit sectors. Designed to be classroom-friendly, this text includes discussions of the most recent literature and case studies, as well as end-of-chapter assignments. Labor Relations in the Public Sector speaks to multiple audiences including academics, students, and practitioners, and practical tips and advice are offered for those engaged in collective bargaining and labor relations. It is vital reading for undergraduate and graduate students in fields including public administration, public policy, political science, and labor studies. This book is also relevant to scholars of comparative policy, politics, and labor. Labor Relations in the Public Sector, Sixth Edition has been completely revised to explore the most recent trends in membership figures, new legislation, court decisions, executive orders, and new politics as they influence bargaining rights.

The Black Curator highlights the role that black curators have long played in advocating for black artists and social change and argues that they made a significant contribution to the democratization of museums over the last 150 years.Drawing on oral testimonies and archival research, the book examines how black curatorial activist practices emerged as a social and imaginative response to racism across various museum contexts. Exploring the work of black curators at three different museums, Benyehudah traces a lineage from black curators in the 19th century to those currently working in curatorial roles. Analysis of these case studies and the use of ideas from museum studies, critical race theory and art history also enable the author to demonstrate how black curatorial practice was and is distinct from Eurocentric forms of curating black art. Explaining that the black curatorial lens was used in the process of establishing counter-archives, the author also demonstrates that it has played - and continues to play - a vital role in the decolonization of museums.Offering compelling ways to look at the relationship between black curators and legacies of colonialism in museums, The Black Curator will be essential reading for scholars, students and museum practitioners. The Black Curator highlights the role that black curators have long played in advocating for black artists and social change and argues that they made a significant contribution to the democratization of museums over the last 150 years.

This book explores South Korean university students’ perceptions of the English-Medium Instruction (EMI) courses they have taken. It specifically examines how the interplay of linguistic capital and trust shapes their EMI experiences. In South Korea, the implementation of neoliberal EMI policies, driven by a 'top-down' approach, has failed to adequately address the linguistic challenges faced by stakeholders. The setting for the book is a research-intensive university, where data were collected from ten Engineering and Business students through semi-structured interviews and analysed using Constructivist Grounded Theory (CGT), enabling a grounded understanding of the students’ perceptions. The areas investigated are students’ perceptions of their past experiences, of their access to subject content, and of how interactions take shape in their EMI experiences. Emerging from the analysis is a dynamic between trust and linguistic capital which has been shaped by the past and which affects the future, leading to epistemic outcomes. The results indicate that monolingually-framed trust in situated-linguistic codes plays a role in the students’ EMI experiences, and from this ‘Situated-Linguistic Capital Theory’ emerges. The theory indicates that monolingually-framed trust reinforces binary choices, in particular EMI situations, of using either the L1 or the L2 system which can lead to potential epistemic outcomes. The book concludes with a discussion of the factors that can determine the future success of EMI in South Korea.This volume will be of interest to researchers and postgraduate students examining English Medium Instruction and its success in different higher education contexts. This book explores South Korean university students’ perceptions of the English-Medium Instruction (EMI) courses they have taken. It specifically examines how the interplay of linguistic capital and trust shapes their EMI experiences.

In an era of profound environmental and geopolitical uncertainty, Designing through Planetary Breakdown offers fresh perspectives on design’s evolving role in the face of planetary change. This unique collection emphasises practices and perspectives at the edges of conventional design, encompassing craft, material knowledge, repair, manual skills, creative practice and non-professional design, to reveal how design can address urgent challenges in grounded, hands-on ways.Structured into two sections – Skills and Capacities, and Care and Generative Practices – the chapters cover a rich range of topics examining both traditional and emerging approaches to making, caring and maintaining. Readers will find reflections on community-led adaptive urban heat strategies in Western Sydney, First Nations’ perspectives on design labour, repair-led design education initiatives, and the ethical and social dimensions of global supply chains. The book journeys through a wide range of empirical examples, including from Cuba, Indonesia, Spain, and Australia, offering insights into generative transformations of materials and technologies. It demonstrates how design, expanded beyond the traditional professional confines, can foster practical responses to global issues.Designing through Planetary Breakdown is ideal for scholars, students, designers and craftspeople across design studies, design anthropology, repair and discard studies, craft studies and more broadly in the humanities and social sciences. Practical and deeply social, this collection offers a call to action: a guide for all hands to shape a future not just of survival, but of regeneration and collective action. The Introduction and Chapter 3 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons (Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND)] 4.0 license. Designing through Planetary Breakdown offers fresh perspectives on design’s evolving role in the face of planetary change. This book is ideal for scholars, students, designers and craftspeople across design studies, design anthropology, repair and discard studies, craft studies and more broadly in the humanities and social sciences.

Bringing together artists, curators, activists, academics, managers, and educators from around the world, this anthology examines the notion of ethics within socially engaged art. This collection is an ideal text for interdisciplinary courses that place visual arts (including design or performance) within social and political contexts. Bringing together artists, curators, activists, academics, managers, and educators from around the world, this unique anthology examines the notion of ethics within socially engaged art. The volume aims to deepen conversations around what ‘good’ or ‘right’ activities could be in this developing and expanding practice, and readers are invited to consider the contextual nature of socially engaged art – its politics, infrastructures and values. Supported by case studies from the United Kingdom, the United States, China, Cuba, South Africa, and Norway, as well as discussions relating to education, cultural policy, and activism, this volume provides a much-needed critical analysis in the making, curating, commissioning and managing of socially engaged art. This collection is an ideal text for interdisciplinary courses that place visual arts (including design or performance) within social and political contexts but also for students and scholars of art, art history and visual studies more generally.

This foundational resource provides a comprehensive exploration of ethical challenges in academic advising, collating with decision-making frameworks informed by best practice and theory.The daily decisions of academic advisors are rooted in ethical issues that impact students, faculty, other advisors, and the greater institution at large. Authored by a leading academic advising scholar-practitioner with two decades of experience, this book defines ethics, explains why it is important, and outlines how to make ethical decisions in an academic advising context. Case studies and reflection questions engage readers through real-world application and help make sense of new approaches and ways of thinking to support students.The fundamental knowledge and practical guidance contained in this book will empower new, seasoned, and aspiring academic advisors to feel confident and prepared to make sound decisions when faced with a diverse range of ethical dilemmas.For information and resources about academic advising or to become a member of NACADA, please visit https://nacada.ksu.edu/. This foundational resource provides a comprehensive exploration of ethical challenges in academic advising, collating with decision-making frameworks informed by best practice and theory.

A Theory of Metaphor: Truth, Falsity, and the Uncanny is a strikingly original analysis of metaphor. Scholarly and imaginative, this sophisticated theory builds on a simple definition: metaphors are not comparisons but statements of identity (A is B), statements simultaneously true and false. Bogel explores a broad range of literary theory and philosophy: from Aristotle to iek, Augustine to Wittgenstein, Richards to Ricoeur and Blumenberg. The book analyzes a wide variety of literary and non-literary texts, including popular forms such as graveyard epitaphs, sermons, cartoons (Garry Trudeau's Doonesbury), and a haunting episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation. It extends the central concept of truth and falsity to the reader's encounter with metaphor, figural interpretation of scripture, entire poems as metaphors, the aesthetics of obliquity and textual impurity, and Freudian psychoanalysisin particular, links between metaphor and the uncanny. This rigorously and eloquently argued book will be invaluable to students of metaphor across such fields as literary criticism and theory, philosophy, linguistics, rhetoric, psychoanalysis, and media studies. Its arguments are enriched by numerous concrete examples and analyses that bring theory to life and help to reach beyond an academic audience. Bogel's ground-breaking study takes our understanding of metaphor in new and important directions.